The Research Program of the Constitutional Economics which began in 1970s by now well-known work of James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock titled “The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy”, and reached its Golden Age subsequently in 1990s, is founded on methodological individualism and rational choice. It analyzes the rationally expected consequences of alternative constitutional rules by employing the standard method of mainstream Economics and its widely recognized analytical techniques, such as Price Theory and Game Theory. This paper presents this research program and emphasizes the need for its application in constitutional Engineering.Constitutional Engineering/Design which means choosing among rules is the most sensitive example of decision-making in a political system. Despite such importance, unfortunately, constitutional theory until now has failed to pay enough attention to the problem of possible political consequences of alternative constitutional rules. This is because in designing a constitution, we need some model to analyze those rationally expected consequences of different alternative rules and predict political behaviors and reactions, and classic theories of constitutional Engineering lack such model.

The Certainty assumption that is used in economic analysis, althouth is easier in analysis, may be but not logical because in most projects time is playing a key role. In this time horizon the amount of income and future costs affecting by factors that are not managable by investors and can not to be forecasted. Therefore in practice usually there is a gap between forecased and real variables. In risk and uncertainty condition the results of economic analysis could be altered by a few changes in uncertain parameter.In this paper, the formulas for the analyses of fuzzy present value, fuzzy equivalent uniform annual value and fuzzy benefit-cost ratio are developed given some numeric examples. This paper one of the few researches which used a model for economic evaluation of projects with fuzzy logic.

Engineering Economics is one of the branches of Economics. It is effective in implementing the goal of the economy, which is the optimal allocation of resources to unlimited human demands. One of the published books in the field of optimal allocation, planning, and policy-making is "Economic Evaluation of Projects". The purpose of writing such a book is to teach the concepts needed by economic activists and their application in making the right decisions in order to prevent the waste of economic resources. The present book, due to various shortcomings such as lack of innovation, presentation of concepts in a scattered and out of order way and lack of a practical example that comprehensively covers the subject, lack of proper formulation of topics related to the advanced concept deals more with practical topics than advanced topics-and the inclusion of some general topics that have no place in advanced and specialized topics, failure to present the behavioral goals of each chapter, inconsistency of title and content from achieving explanation, description and proper description of the subject and purpose are other drawbacks of the present book. The book mentioned in this article has been reviewed in a critical-argumentative way, in the field of library studies, away from any prejudices and with fairness, and some parts have been researched and elaborated.

To begin with, this article takes a brief look at the western concept of economy and how it developed then, it examines the debates and disputes among the economists on the distinction between positive as well as normative Economics since its development and in this regard it gives a special emphasis to the role of values and value principles.After that the concept of economy in Islamic texts has been dealt with and it has been concluded that concepts such as scarcity, choice, and scarce resources management which underlie the current definitions of Economics can be inferred from them.With regard to Shahid Sadr’s view that there is a distinction between the Economics and an economic school of thought and that Islam has an economic school of thought rather than Economics, it reflects the same futile distinction between normative and positive. Acknowledging the difference between a school of thought and a science, the article concludes that the economic school of Islam can and should orient the Economics and Muslem economists and provide them with the necessary guidelines.

Resistance is one of the fundamental Quranic values in the cause of the development of the Islamic society and the formation of the Islamic civilization, which means standing and resisting against something has upset the balance in internal and external dimensions. The formation of this value in the society as one of the methods of the conventional model of human life in the fields of human life; So that its manifestation can be observed in the totality of social behaviors, it is called the culture of resistance (Problem statement). The purpose of this article is the achievement of the Engineering process of this value in a society based on the growth-oriented thought (ideological) system of the Holy Quran (Purpose). Now the question is what process does the Holy Quran propose in order to engineer the culture of resistance in the society? (Question). The necessity of examining this issue is clear considering the emphasis of religious teachings on this value and the need for Islamic societies, especially considering the current conditions of Islam and the need for convergence and coordination between the resistance front (Necessity). The research method in stating the Engineering process and its components is qualitative content analysis with an analogy approach (Method). The findings of the research show that the Engineering process of resistance culture is based on a self-awareness and purposefulness, according to the idea of Quranic growth, in a three-stage process that leads to the happiness of man and human society (Conclusion).

In the present age, it is the age of economic crises and challenges to moral values. Today, with many moral schools, we are faced with the dos and don’ ts of economic activities. On the one hand, the Islamic society needs a dynamic and developed economy, and on the other hand, it needs to consolidate and strengthen moral values in order to bring worldly and otherworldly happiness to people by making their activities healthier and countering economic corruption. The key question that has been dealt with in a descriptive-analytical way is what the moral school is in Islamic Economics and conventional Economics. The results of the study in this paper show that in the ethical school of conventional Economics, the human goal of all activities is to avoid suffering or to attain material pleasure. However, the ethical school in Islamic Economics attaches great importance to spirituality and considers the attention to materials to be legitimate to the extent that it does not hinder the spiritual growth and happiness of human beings.